Precision Breast Oncology: AI, Genomics, and Personalized Therapeutics

Abstract

Breast cancer remains the most commonly diagnosed malignancy among women worldwide and represents a major public health challenge despite remarkable advances in early detection, molecular diagnostics, targeted therapies, and precision medicine. The biological heterogeneity of breast cancer, characterized by diverse molecular subtypes, genomic alterations, tumor microenvironment interactions, and variable therapeutic responses, continues to complicate individualized patient management. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI), genomic medicine, computational biology, and multimodal biomedical data integration have transformed precision breast oncology by enabling comprehensive analysis of radiological imaging, digital pathology, genomic sequencing, transcriptomics, proteomics, laboratory biomarkers, and electronic health records. Machine learning, deep learning, computer vision, natural language processing, graph neural networks, multimodal learning, and foundation models now support clinicians in breast cancer screening, diagnosis, molecular classification, prognostic prediction, treatment optimization, radiogenomics, computational pathology, immunotherapy selection, and survivorship care. AI-driven integration of molecular and clinical information facilitates personalized therapeutic strategies while improving diagnostic accuracy and clinical decision-making. Emerging innovations including explainable artificial intelligence, federated learning, digital twins, liquid biopsy, single-cell sequencing, and generative AI are expected to further enhance individualized breast cancer management. Despite substantial progress, important challenges remain regarding data interoperability, algorithmic bias, model transparency, cybersecurity, regulatory validation, and equitable implementation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of precision breast oncology by examining the convergence of artificial intelligence, genomics, and personalized therapeutics that is shaping the future of breast cancer care.